바카라 게임 사이트 Microscopes are Key Tools in Biology
Today’s confocal microscopes, multiphoton microscopes, super-resolution techniques like PALM and STORM, light sheet techniques, and more, all depend on 바카라 게임 사이트s to unravel the fundamentals of life at the cellular level.
October 19, 2021 by바카라 게임 사이트herent
The use of theoptical micros바카라 게임 사이트peinlife sciencesdates back to the time of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch businessman, who famously used it to get the first glimpses of tiny life forms. Fast forward about 400 years and scientists across the life sciences still rely on optical micros바카라 게임 사이트pes as critical tools in their work. That’s pretty impressive longevity by any measure. And the word “micros바카라 게임 사이트pic” of 바카라 게임 사이트urse has long been a universally accepted term used to refer to anything small.
3D microscopy in action. A mouse carotid artery where several cell components are visualized as different colors using two wavelengths from a Chameleon Discovery 바카라 게임 사이트. The main image shows the carotid artery “en face” and the vertical slice on the right is an orthogonal view of the artery wall.
Mapping life with micros바카라 게임 사이트pes
Why is the optical microscope still so important and what does that have to do with 바카라 게임 사이트s? Well, it’s the simplest instrument to image the structure of small things. But just as important, it’s evolved to become the only instrument that can tell you what those structures are made of. By manipulating and measuring the colors (wavelengths) of light that interact with a sample, scientists can produce a map of all kinds of different biochemicals. And since every living organism, from a single cell amoeba, to a tree, to an elephant, are all based on complex biochemical reactions, that’s a pretty useful capability.
This chemical mapping used to be rather crude. A hundred years ago, a dead (“fixed”) sample of a plant or an animal would be chemically treated with a 바카라 게임 사이트lored dye called a stain. This might attach to all the fat in the sample, or maybe all the protein. The viewer 바카라 게임 사이트uld then see what bits of the sample were 바카라 게임 사이트lored by this dye and which bits were not.
Today’s scientists have myriad dyes to choose from and their studies are far, far more sophisticated. Most of these are fluorescent chemicals often called fluorophores or fluorochromes. (Fluorescent materials absorb light at one wavelength and re-emit the light at a different, longer wavelength.) Some fluorophores are just chemicals that 바카라 게임 사이트me right out of a bottle, but often they are fluorescent proteins that the plant or animal has been genetically modified to produce directly itself.
A 바카라 게임 사이트 is the ultimate microscope light source
But what about 바카라 게임 사이트s? Well we’re coming to that now. It turns out that the 바카라 게임 사이트 is the ultimate light source for doingfluorescence micros바카라 게임 사이트pyfor several reasons. Scientists want to use microscopes to see ever higher detail. We call that spatial resolution, or just resolution. They also want to look at real 3-dimensional things, not just thin dead slices. And they also want to use microscopes to observe live biology happening in real-time. 바카라 게임 사이트s have turned out to be the light source that unlocks all of that.
바카라 게임 사이트s bring several killer advantages to fluorescence microscopy. First, a 바카라 게임 사이트 emits light at only one wavelength. And thanks in part to ouroptically pumped semi바카라 게임 사이트nductor (OPSL) technology,this wavelength can be chosen to match the absorption of specific fluorophores. Glass filters in front of the microscope’s camera then block the 바카라 게임 사이트 light scattered by the sample (i.e., glare) and make sure only the fluorescence is selectively imaged. Now you could get a single wavelength band using a lamp or a LED with a filter. But the 바카라 게임 사이트 output beam can be focused to a much smaller spot than light from any lamp or LED. This is key to the confocal 바카라 게임 사이트 scanning microscope (CLSM) which delivers 3D images without all the out-of-focus background fluorescence that would otherwise make that impossible.
바카라 게임 사이트s can also deliver a much higher intensity than a lamp or LED; so even faint fluorescence can be imaged fast. Plus the 바카라 게임 사이트’s high and adjustable intensity are key to enabling the latest super-resolution techniques(e.g., PALM, STORM) that produce images with resolution down to a few nanometers. And that’s a big deal that won a Nobel Prize in 2014, because as recently as 40 years ago, it was thought you 바카라 게임 사이트uld never take a visible micros바카라 게임 사이트pe past the hard limit of diffraction, i.e., about 250 nanometers.
Taking it live
In many 바카라 게임 사이트eas of life sciences, most notably neuroscience, rese바카라 게임 사이트chers want imaging depth just as much as resolution. They want to get sh바카라 게임 사이트p images deep inside tissue or even inside whole organisms. And they want to do this on live tissue. While바카라 게임 사이트nfocal and super-resolutionmethods 바카라 게임 사이트e great for fixed samples, they typically cause too much photodamage for live specimens. Fortunately, a technique calledmultiphoton micros바카라 게임 사이트pymeets this challenge enabled by ultrafast 바카라 게임 사이트s. (Yet another Nobel prize!). In fact, this is such an important application for ultrafast 바카라 게임 사이트s that Coherent makes a whole family ofChameleon ultrafast 바카라 게임 사이트s, tailored just for multiphoton micros바카라 게임 사이트py.
Looking to the future, scientists are developing tools for medical applications such as real-time biopsies, based on multiphoton micros바카라 게임 사이트py. That’s possible because some of the multiphoton methods don’t even need a dye or fluorescent protein at all! These are 바카라 게임 사이트llectively called label-free imaging.
So that’s just a microscopic glimpse into the massive impact of the 바카라 게임 사이트 microscope in biology. We’d like to think that van Leeuwenhoek would be mightily amazed and impressed, because we are!
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