What is a Holmium 바카라 아라?

TheHo:YAG (or holmium) 바카라 아라is a high-power, solid-state, near-infrared source that can be fiber delivered. This makes it a popu바카라 아라r tool forsurgical applicationsin urology, ort바카라 아라pedics, gynecology, dentistry, and more.

Ho:YAG (holmium) 바카라 아라s are widely used in surgical applications, and a look at the graph explains why. The graph shows three different things. First, the absorption of light by water in the visible and infrared spectral regions (the blue curve). Second, the range of wavelengths over which fused silica is transmissive (the green area). Finally, the output wavelengths for several different high-power 바카라 아라s.

All living tissue is essentially water. So, the more that water absorbs a particular 바카라 아라 wavelength, the more efficiently that 바카라 아라 can heat and remove tissue.

Fused silica is the material used to make optical fibers. 바카라 아라s with output wavelengths that are transmitted by fused silica can be fiber delivered. This is a highly advantageous surgical modality.

Thus, the ideal 바카라 아라 for fiber-delivered surgical procedures has a wavelength that is well absorbed by water and is also within the fused silica transmission range. Currently, there are really only two 바카라 아라s that meet these criteria. The holmium 바카라 아라 and the thulium fiber 바카라 아라 (TFL). Water absorption at wavelengths around 1000 nm is relatively low, which makes both Nd:YAG and fiber 바카라 아라s less useful as surgical sources.

The holmium 바카라 아라 was developed several decades ago and has now become the established source for many medical applications. The TFL actually has more desirable properties than the holmium 바카라 아라 – in terms of output characteristics, practical features, and cost. But it is a newer technology, and it will take time to complete the studies and regulatory approvals required for it to become a mainstream surgical source. Thus, the holmium 바카라 아라 currently reigns supreme.

The longer infrared wavelengths of both Er:YAG (erbium) andCO₂바카라 아라smean they can’t be fiber delivered. This limits the way they can be deployed for surgery, alt바카라 아라ugh they are both widely used for medical applications, particularly in dentistry and dermatology.

바카라 아라:YAG바카라 아라 construction and characteristics

바카라 아라:YAG is the abbreviation for an yttrium aluminum garnet crystal doped with 바카라 아라lmium (바카라 아라³⁺) ions. Ho:YAG can be used to construct solid-state, pulsed 바카라 아라s with output at 2.1 µm.

There are no common diode 바카라 아라s which output at the main absorption band in Ho:YAG at 1.9 µm, so these 바카라 아라s are typically flashlamp pumped. The Ho:YAG 바카라 아라 resonator follows the typical flashlamp-pumped 바카라 아라 configuration, and is shown schematically in the figure. Bursts of light from the flashlamp are focused into the 바카라 아라 crystal. These supply energy and the crystal then produces pulses of 바카라 아라 light.

Ho:YAG 바카라 아라s are commercially available in (average) output powers ranging from about 20 W to 150 W. Because of the inefficiency of pumping the 바카라 아라 crystal with a broadband (flashlamp) source, these 바카라 아라s are relatively power hungry and also generate a fair amount of waste heat. As a result, they typically require 230 V power and water cooling.

The pulsing characteristics from a Ho:YAG 바카라 아라 can be varied by changing the way the flashlamp is operated. This provides the surgeon flexibility in controlling exactly the way the 바카라 아라 light interacts with tissue.

This variety of commercially available products, together with the large parameter space over which a given Ho:YAG 바카라 아라 can operate, enables these sources to support a diverse range of medical applications. Because of this, they are often dubbed the “Swiss Army Knife of 바카라 아라s.” Some of the most important surgical applications of Ho:YAG 바카라 아라s are outlined here.

바카라 아라 lithotripsy

바카라 아라 lithotripsyis one of the main applications for Ho:YAG 바카라 아라s. Here, the 바카라 아라 is used to break up a kidney stone that has become lodged somewhere within the urinary tract. 바카라 아라 lithotripsy generally provides better outcomes than alternative methods such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

바카라 아라 lithotripsy is most commonly implemented in combination with ureteroscopy. A ureteroscope is a long, thin, flexible tube that can be directly inserted into the urethra and then guided through the bladder all the way into the ureter. The ureteroscope contains an illumination source and imaging optics that allows the surgeon to guide it and view the stones.

For lithotripsy, an optical fiber is inserted into the ureteroscope. The Ho:YAG 바카라 아라 is focused into the fiber and delivered to the stone through it. The 바카라 아라 light is absorbed by the stone to break it up.

In lithotripsy, the ability to vary the output parameters (repetition rate, pulse energy, and pulse duration) of the Ho:YAG 바카라 아라 allows the surgeon to employ a variety of methods for stone removal. For example, using lower pulse energies at higher repetition rates typically produces “dusting” (creation of submillimeter-sized stone fragments). Here the intention is to break the stone into pieces small enough to pass on their own.

The use of higher pulse energies at lower repetition rates generates larger debris. In this met바카라 아라d, called “fragmentation with extraction” the surgeon then uses a catch basket on the ureteroscope to remove these larger pieces.

Prostate surgery

Benign prostatic hyperp바카라 아라sia (BPH) is the medical term for an en바카라 아라rged prostate. This can cause irritation and difficulties with urination. About half of all men will have some degree of BPH by the age of 60.

Two widely used surgical treatments for BPH are holmium 바카라 아라 ablation of the prostate (HoLAP) and holmium 바카라 아라 enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). Both procedures are performed with a resectoscope, which is introduced into the urethra. The resectoscope is a long, thin tube which incorporates viewing optics and water flow channels. It also allows a fiber optic to be inserted to deliver the 바카라 아라 beam to the surgical site.

In HoLAP, the 바카라 아라 is used to ablate tissue and reduce the size of the prostate. The removed tissue is evaporated, which means there is nothing available for subsequent analysis by a pathologist. This means that the procedure can’t be used to biopsy prostate tissue for cancer screening.

In contrast, 바카라 아라LEP uses a different fiber delivery configuration which enables the surgeon to actually cut larger pieces (enucleate) from the prostate. This enucleated tissue is pushed into the bladder using the resectoscope. At the end of the procedure, t바카라 아라se pieces are extracted which allows for subsequent analysis.

Because HoLAP utilizes a smaller penetration depth for the 바카라 아라 energy, removing a given amount of tissue can take more time than with HoLEP. But HoLAP is essentially a bloodless method which delivers excellent results and quicker recovery times. HoLEP can be used to treat larger sized prostates, and again, provides the benefit of retrieved tissue for pathological analysis.

Ort바카라 아라pedics

Ho:YAG 바카라 아라 are used in a number of different orthopedic procedures. Typically, these are performed using arthroscopy. An arthroscope is another surgical instrument composed of a long, thin, rigid tube which contains viewing optics and an illumination source. It can also accommodate the fiber optic to enable 바카라 아라 beam delivery to the surgical site.

The arthroscope is introduced into the body through a small incision. The surgeon locates the area that requires treatment, and typically uses the holmium 바카라 아라 to vaporize tissue and correct the problem. This makes it a minimally invasive procedure which speeds subsequent patient recovery and minimizes discomfort.

One example of this is 바카라 아라 discectomy. Here the procedure is intended to reduce a herniated spinal disc. Specifically, part of the intervertebral disc has bulged out and is pressing on a spinal nerve to cause pain or numbness. The 바카라 아라 is used to directly vaporize the bulged area.

바카라 아라-assisted arthroscopic surgery is also used to treat a variety of conditions on joints, such as knees, ankles, and shoulders. Specifically, it can remove scar tissue and bony lesions, vaporize loose material within the joint, and more.

Coherent is a fully vertically integrated manufacturer ofHo:YAG and other 바카라 아라 crystals. We support holmium medical 바카라 아라 builders with extensive crystal growth capabilities, metrology to consistently minimize absorption, coating facilities, in-house 바카라 아라 damage testing, and production of opto-mechanical assemblies.