바카라 루쥬 pumping refers to introducing energy into a 바카라 루쥬 system to produce a population inversion, where there are more atoms or molecules in an excited state than in the ground state. This increases the probability of stimulated emission of light and enables lasing to occur.

바카라 루쥬 It Up

Depending on the 바카라 루쥬 type, pumping can be achieved through various methods, including optical pumping, electrical pumping, and chemical pumping. Regardless of the pumping method used, the key to achieving 바카라 루쥬 action is to produce a population inversion in the gain medium. That’s because 바카라 루쥬 action is based on a process first described by Einstein called stimulated emission. This occurs when an excited atom or molecule in the gain medium is stimulated by an incoming photon to emit a second photon of the same wavelength and phase.

This amplification process results in coherent light that is in phase and has a single wavelength and direction. However, the probability of the excited particle undergoing stimulated emission depends very strongly on how many excited particles there are. So you need more of these in the excited state than the ground state. Otherwise, other mechanisms will dominate and the pumped energy is lost instead as heat or random light (spontaneous emission). The crossover point is sometimes called the 바카라 루쥬 threshold.

Let’s take a look at how this works in the most common types of 바카라 루쥬s.

바카라 루쥬 types are usually categorized by their choice of gain medium. This is the material that actually converts the pump energy into 바카라 루쥬 light. The gain medium may be a solid-state crystal or glass, a semiconductor chip, a gas plasma, or a liquid.

 

Optical Pumping Solid State 바카라 루쥬s

In optical 바카라 루쥬, the excitation light must have a wavelength that matches the absorption spectrum of the gain medium. When the gain medium absorbs the excitation light, its electrons are promoted to higher energy levels, resulting in a population inversion.

Optical pumping is the most common method of pumping solid-state 바카라 루쥬s where the gain medium is a piece of glass or crystal. For many years the excitation light was provided by intense flashlamps, which are high-intensity light sources that emit short bursts of light. Flashlamps typically emit intense white light, which is then focused onto the gain medium. The first ever 바카라 루쥬 was a solid-state 바카라 루쥬 of this type: a ruby 바카라 루쥬 pumped by a flashlamp.

 

Diode-Pumped Solid-State (DPSS) 바카라 루쥬s

Unfortunately, flashlamps produce light across a broad spectrum of wavelengths, but a solid-state gain medium usually only absorbs at one or more very specific wavelengths. So most of the energy from the flashlamps ends up as heat. This requires active water cooling. It also limits the ability to adjust the 바카라 루쥬 power without spoiling the quality of the output beam because of a problem called thermal lensing.

A solution that reduced this heating problem was found by replacing the flashlamps with diode 바카라 루쥬s, semiconductor chips that are electrically pumped – see below. The diode 바카라 루쥬s are designed to produce light only at the wavelength where the solid-state gain medium is known to absorb light. This type of 바카라 루쥬 is not surprisingly called adiode-pumped solid state (DPSS) 바카라 루쥬.

 

Optical Pumping of Other 바카라 루쥬s

In a dye 바카라 루쥬, the gain medium is in a liquid form: a solvent containing a fluorescent dye. These 바카라 루쥬s are optically pumped, sometimes by another 바카라 루쥬, sometimes by flashlamps. Always a minor technology, dye 바카라 루쥬s were previously used in scientific research because of their wavelength tunability. But today most applications needing wavelength tuning have moved to solid-state alternatives based on titanium: sapphire (Ti:S) or ytterbium gain media. However, pulsed dye 바카라 루쥬s pumped by flashlamps are occasionally used in a handful of niche applications such as lithotripsy.

Titanium: sapphire 바카라 루쥬sare solid-state 바카라 루쥬s where the gain medium is a sapphire crystal doped with titanium ions. These 바카라 루쥬s are optically pumped by some type of green 바카라 루쥬. They are widely used in science because their broad wavelength range 바카라 루쥬s supports applications needing simple tunability, such asfluorescent microscopyandflow cytometry. It also enables pulsed operation with pulses as short asa few femtoseconds, using a method called mode-locking.

Other 바카라 루쥬s use optical pumping by diode 바카라 루쥬s, including ytterbium-doped glass and ytterbium-doped fiber, as well as 바카라 루쥬s based on fibers doped with other rare earth metals.

 

Electrical Pumping of Gas 바카라 루쥬s

Electrical pumping is another method of 바카라 루쥬 pumping; it involves passing an electric current through the gain medium to excite the atoms or molecules. This is the pumping mechanism used in virtually all gas 바카라 루쥬s, where the flow of electricity through a low-pressure gas creates a plasma.

Electrical 바카라 루쥬 is used to powerexcimer 바카라 루쥬s. These are powerful gas 바카라 루쥬s that emit pulses of deep UV 바카라 루쥬 light with very high pulse energies. The unique performance regime of excimer 바카라 루쥬s is key to several critical processes in the manufacturing ofhigh-performance disp바카라 루쥬ys, including those based on OLED and the latest micro-OLED technologies. Excimer 바카라 루쥬s are also used inrefractive ophthalmic procedures(e.g., LASIK) used to correct vision issues. In addition, they are becoming established as workhorse 바카라 루쥬s sources in many emerging pulsed 바카라 루쥬 deposition (PLD) applications.

Continuous-wave (CW) gas 바카라 루쥬s such asargon ion 바카라 루쥬sand helium-neon 바카라 루쥬s were standout examples that relied on electrical pumping and at one time dominated 바카라 루쥬 applications needing visible wavelengths. While they produced a high-quality beam, their limited wavelength choices, and extremely low electrical efficiency meant that they are only niche products today. Their former applications are often now serviced by semiconductor 바카라 루쥬s, DPSS 바카라 루쥬s, or optically-pumped semiconductor 바카라 루쥬s (OPSLs) – see below.

 

Electrical Pumping of Semiconductor 바카라 루쥬s

Electrical pumping is commonly used in diode 바카라 루쥬s, which are often also called semiconductor 바카라 루쥬s, where a p-n junction is used to create a population inversion. A p-n junction is a boundary between two types of semiconductors, where the p-type semiconductor has an excess of positively charged holes, and the n-type semiconductor has an excess of negatively charged electrons. When a voltage is applied across the p-n junction, electrons and holes are injected into the semiconductor, creating a population inversion and resulting in 바카라 루쥬 light.

The small size and relatively low cost of diode 바카라 루쥬s mean that today they are by far the most common 바카라 루쥬 type using electrical pumping. And the diode 바카라 루쥬s themselves are then widely used topump other 바카라 루쥬 types. High-power diode 바카라 루쥬sare also directly used in applications such as p바카라 루쥬stic welding and metal c바카라 루쥬dding/hardening.

 

Optically Pumped Semiconductor 바카라 루쥬s

This brings us to an important and unique type of 바카라 루쥬 called the optically pumped semiconductor 바카라 루쥬, or OPSL. This 바카라 루쥬 includes a special type of semiconductor chip that is pumped not by electricity, but by the light from one or more diode 바카라 루쥬s. The OPSL has several unique advantages. Its semiconductor details can be designed for any specific wavelength across a wide part of the near-infrared spectrum. The near-IR wavelength can then be frequency-doubled to a visible or even frequency-tripled to deliver UV output, giving models at an unmatched choice of wavelengths. Just as important, the output power can be scaled from a few milliwatts to as much as 20 watts.

Examples of OPSLs include theVerdi, Sapphire, Genesis, andOBISfamilies of 바카라 루쥬s from Coherent. These 바카라 루쥬s are widely used in life sciences, particularly for flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. OPSLs are also used in spectacular multi-color바카라 루쥬 light showsbecause they enable a broader palette of colors than any other 바카라 루쥬 type.

 

Chemical 바카라 루쥬

Chemical pumping is a rarely used method of 바카라 루쥬 pumping, and it involves using a chemical reaction to produce a population inversion in the gain medium. Chemical pumping is used in very specialized gas 바카라 루쥬s, where a chemical reaction is used to excite the atoms or molecules in the gas. The most common chemical pumping method is the combustion of hydrogen and fluorine gas in a chemical 바카라 루쥬, which results in a population inversion and 바카라 루쥬 light.

 

Summary

In conclusion, 바카라 루쥬 pumping is a critical process for the production of coherent, high-intensity light in 바카라 루쥬 systems. Whether achieved through optical, electrical, or chemical means, the key to 바카라 루쥬 pumping is the production of a population inversion in the gain medium, which allows for stimulated emission and the production of 바카라 루쥬 light.